Political and moral world in Gulliver’s travels
Political and
moral world in Gulliver’s travels
Gulliver’s travels is
a satire on
four aspects of
man: the physical,
the political, the
intellectual, and the
moral. The book
is also a
parody of travel
literature; and it
is at once
science fiction. It
expresses savage indigation
at the follies,
vices and stupidities
of men, and
it shows an
awareness of man’s
tragic insufficiency. At the same
time it is
a great comic
masterpiece, a fact
which readers of
solemn temperaments often
fail to recognize.
The first
two voyages show
how effectively Swift
uses the idea
of the great
chain of being.
The philosopher Pascal
had asked what
is man in
nature, and had
thus answered the
question: “A nothing
in comparison with
the infinite, an
all in comparison
with the nothing,
a mean between
nothing and everything”.
Swift translates these
theme into a
different key, and
makes it the
major instrument of
his satire. In the first
two voyages, Gulliver
is made aware
of the disproportion
which Pascal had
found in man.
Placed on the
isthmus of a
middle state, Gulliver
in his voyage
to Lilliput looks
down the chain
of being and
finds himself an
awkward gain in that discovers
a race of
superior beings among
whom his pride
melts an account
of his humiliating
knowledge of his
own physical insignificance. Although
the emphasis in
these two voyages
is upon physical
size, it is
notable that Lilliput
calls into operation
Gulliver’s kindness and
gentleness, and that Brobdingnag brings
out his moral
and physical courage.
This means that,
although man is
comically and tragically
disproportioned, man has
moral virtues which
he can exercise
and which he
can exercise and
which he does
exercise.
There
is custom in
Lilliput of awarding
silken threads of
green, red and
blue colours to
those courtiers who
showed the greatest
agility in leaping
over or creeping
under a stick.
The green thread
represents the order
of the thistle,
which was revived
by \Queen Anne
in 1703. The
red thread represents
the order of
the bath, which
was revived by George 1
in 1725. Its
revival was due
to Walpole’s initiative.
The blue thread
represents the order
of the garter
which was bestowed
on Walpole himself
in 1726, after
which he became
known to satirists
by the title
of Sir Blue-string.
“Politically
world in Gulliver’s travels”,
Sir Robert Walpole
who is represented
in the book
under the name
of Flimnap. One
of the important
features of political
life in Lilliput
is that candidates
for high offices
have to complete
by dancing on
a tight rope.
Flimnap, the Lord
treasurer of Lilliput,
has himself to
display his skill
in this art (of dancing
on tight rope).
Flimnap’s skill symbolizes
walpole’s dexterity in
parliamentary tactics and
political intrigues. When
Flimnap, after an
attempted high jump,
falls down, he
is saved from
breaking his neck
by the king’s
cushion. This cushion
is intended to
symbolize the duchess
of Kendal who
was one of
king George 1’s
mistress and by
whose influence Walpole was
restored to royal
favor after his
fall from power
in 1717.
The ancient
temple in which
Gulliver is housed
in Lilliput probably
refers to Westminster
Hall in which
Charles 1 had
been condemned to
death. The search
of Gulliver by
the Lilliputians may
have some reference
to a committee
which had been
formed by the
Whigs to investigate
the conduct of the previous
government and especially
of oxford and
Bolingbroke who were
suspected of treasonable
relationships with France
and the old
pretender. Swift here
seems to be
satirizing the activities
of that Whig
committee.
The
criticism of the
human race contained
in the satire
in Gulliver’s Travels is
substantially well-founded and
therefore convincing. Much
of the criticism
is also very
humorous and witty.
We have plenty
of light-hearted and
mirthful satire. In the country
of the pigmies,
for instance, there
is a dispute
going on between
the Big- Endians and
the Little- Endians and
also between those
who wear high
heels and those
who wear low
heels. These disputes
obviously suggest the
religious conflict that
was going on
at the time
between the Roman
Catholics and the
Protestants, and the theological quarrels
which were rampant
in those days,
and also between
the two political
parties. The the
continuing wars between
England and France
in Swift’s time.
The ironical portrayal
of Flimnap, the
treasurer in Lilliput,
is intended as
a mockery of
Sir Robert Walpole.
The annoyance of
the empress of
Lilliput with Gulliver
for having extinguished
a fire in
her palace by
urinating on it
was intended by
Swift to be
a satirical representation of
the resentment of
Queen Anne against
him for having
written A
tale of a tub.
Gulliver is
subjected to one
humiliation after another,
but he is
still blind to
the defects of
European society. When
he is questioned
by the king
about England, he
describes, with enthusiasm,
the class system,
the constitution, the
laws, the military
glory and the
history of that
country. In the
king’s questions we
hear the voice
of morality condemning
the institution of the modern
world. And the
verdict of a
moral being of
European man is
given in the
following words in
which we can
perceive the king’s
contempt;
“ But
by what I have gathered
from your own
relation, and the
answers I have with much
pains wringed and
extorted from you,
I cannot but
conclude the bulk
of your natives
to be the
most pernicious race
of little odious
vermin that nature
ever suffered to
crawl upon the
surface of the
earth.”
(part
2, chapter 6,
page 173)
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